Madness on the Couch: Blaming the Victim in the Heyday of Psychoanalysis

In the golden age of "talk therapy," the 1950s and 1960s, psychotherapists saw no limit to what they could do. Believing they had already explained the origins of war, homosexuality, anti-Semitism, and a host of neurotic ailments, they set out to conquer one of mankind's oldest and fiercest foes, mental illness. In Madness on the Couch, veteran science writer Edward Dolnick tells the tragic story of that confrontation.

It is a vivid, compelling tale that is told here for the first time. Dolnick focuses on three battles in an epic war: against schizophrenia, autism, and obsessive-compulsive disorder. Schizophrenia, the most dreaded mental illness, strikes its young victims without warning and torments them with hallucinations and mocking voices. Autism claims its victims even younger, at age one or two, and locks them away, cut off from the rest of us by invisible walls. Obsessive-compulsive disorder strikes at any age and entraps its hapless victims in endless rituals.

Inspired by their hero, Freud, but bolder even than he, psychoanalysts set out to vanquish those enemies. Armed with only words and the best of intentions, they achieved the worst of outcomes. The symptoms of disease were symbols, these therapists believed, and diseases could be interpreted, like dreams. The ranting of a schizophrenic on a street corner, the retreat of an autistic child from human contact, the endless hand-washing of an obsessive-compulsive were not simply acts but messages. And the message psychoanalysts decoded and delivered to countless families was that parents themselves -- through their subtle hostility -- had driven their children mad. That verdict was not overturned for more than a generation.

Clear, dramatic, and authoritative, Madness on the Couch uses the voices of therapists as well as those of patients and their loved ones to describe the controversial methods used to treat the mentally ill, and their heartbreaking consequences. We see the leading lights of psychotherapy at work, including tiny, grandmotherly Frieda Fromm-Reichmann; gawky Gregory Bateson, either a genius or a charlatan, depending on whom one asked; and birdlike R. D. Laing, a slender figure with dark, deep-set eyes and the charisma of a rock star. We meet, too, scientists and family members who fought the reigning dogma of the day. Bernard Rimland, for example, set out to refute the claim that autism was caused by "refrigerator" parents whose coldness had turned their children into zombies. Rimland's only "credential" in his battle with the experts was the fact that his son was autistic.

A gripping tale of hubris, arrogant pride, and terrible heartbreak, Madness on the Couch combines the immediacy of superb joumalism with the depth of scrupulous history. It shows us convincingly that in attempting to cure mental illness through talk therapy, psychoanalysis did infinitely more harm than good.

Edward Dolnick, a contributing editor of Health magazine, is the former chief science writer for The Boston Globe. His articles have also appeared in The Atlantic Monthly, The New York Times Magazine, and many other publications. He lives in Chevy Chase, Maryland.

ISBN: 9781416577942
Format: Paperback
Pages: 368
Publisher: Simon & Schuster
Published: September 21, 2007

Frederick Crews author of The Memory Wars A harrowing, engrossing, bluntly honest book about psychiatry's Late Middle Ages -- the decades after World War II, when the demonizing of families was mistaken for therapeutic wisdom. As Edward Dolnick reveals, immeasurable suffering had to occur before mental healing could make its peace with experimental science. Everyone can learn something from this trenchant study, and for many it ought to be required reading. Martin Gardner editor of Great Essays in Science My fervent hope is that every person still clinging to the belief that Freud was one of the greatest scientists of recent times will buy and ponder Dolnick's brilliant, explosive book -- a splendid, scrupulously documented survey of the revolution that has taken place, since Freud, in the understanding of schizophrenia, autism, and obsessive-compulsive disorder. Kay Redfield Jamison author of An Unquiet Mind Madness on the Coach vividly portrays the chilling misuses of unproven psychiatric theory and the costs of such misuses to the seriously mentally ill and their families. It is riveting, horrifying, and deeply disturbing. Temple Grandin author of Thinking in Pictures Edward Dolnick has got it just right: In their efforts to cure those suffering from autism, schizophrenia, and obsessive-compulsive disorder, psychoanalysts did more harm than good. By blaming the victims and their families for what we now know are biological conditions, psychoanalysts caused great anxiety and guilt. Madness on the Couch is a wonderful book. E. Fuller Torrey, M.D. author of Surviving Schizophrenia Madness on the Couch is an entertaining and enlightening account of the most disgraceful period in American psychiatry. It is blaming the victim, writ large. All psychoanalysts should be required to read this book three times as penance.